NATURAL WORLD FACTS
A Brief History of Deep Sea Exploration
As a species, we are driven by a desire to understand and make sense of the universe around us. We identify and classify every animal we find, we have landed people on the moon and sent probes into deep space to uncover the secrets of the cosmos. We have photographed the surface of other planets, and witnessed our own blue planet as a speck in the distant infinity of space.
Despite all this, we still have explored just 5% of Earth’s oceans. Most of that knowledge lies in shallow waters, while the depths beneath remain a mystery. To this day, we have caught only glimpses of the weird and wonderful life that thrives in the sunless world of bottomless trenches, and endless deserts punctuated with islands of activity. Every discovery challenges and re-builds our understanding, from phenomena like deep sea gigantism driving unique adaptation in deep sea life, to alien-like ecosystems, full of life-forms unlike any others we have encountered.
Why Should We Explore the Deep Sea?
EXPLORATION IN THE DEEP SEA
We only began our journey of discovery in the deep in recent times, as exploring these harsh conditions requires highly advanced technology that simply wasn’t available to us until now. But people have been enchanted by this peculiar other world for centuries. Throughout history, tales of sea serpents and monsters have captivated the minds of all who journey out among the unforgiving waves. There is a distinct sense of wonder that the endless, bottomless ocean evokes, but this comes with a sense of fear. For many, the depths represent a realm of darkness, silence, and death. But when we peer closer, we find that it is in fact a place of beauty and mystery, where creatures come in spectacular shapes and unimaginable sizes, and divergent evolution has forged species that are unlike anything we have found elsewhere.
In 1521, Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan attempted to measure the depth of the Pacific Ocean. He cast a 2,400-foot weighted line into the sea, but it did not touch the bottom.
200 years later, in 1818, explorers first captured worms and jellyfish from a depth of around 2,000 meters (6,550 feet), offering up the very first evidence for deep sea life.
But the idea that the deep sea was too harsh and barren to support life, persisted even then. In 1842, naturalist Edward Forbes proposed the Abyssus Theory, in which he stated that biodiversity decreases with depth, and that life cannot exist deeper than 550 meters (1,800 feet). As we have found in recent years, he couldn’t have been further from the truth.
In 1850, further evidence to challenge his theory arose, when a rich and abundant ecosystem was discovered by biologist Michael Sars, thriving at 800 meters (2,600 feet) below the surface. During one of his dredging expeditions, Sars discovered the first living stalked crinoid, a creature unlike anything that had been seen before. It was a monumental find that spurred academic interest in the exploration of the deep sea, and prompted the Challenger expedition between 1872-1876. Led by Charles Wyville, the HMS Challenger conducted the first deep sea exploration mission. The team discovered many new species that were uniquely adapted to life near the sea floor, and were able to prove definitively that the depths were able to support a complex community of life.
In 1956, a team aboard the Calypso release the first full-color, full-length documentary, Le Monde du silence (The Silent World), showing people around the world of the beauty and life of the deep sea. But the greatest discoveries were yet to come.
The incredible ecosystems that thrive around hydrothermal vents were only discovered as recently as 1977. These deep sea vents support a diverse community of life that relies entirely on chemical energy from the Earth itself, rather than solar energy. This had never been seen before. It was a discovery that challenged our understanding of life on Earth, for it was once thought that organisms simply could not survive in an absence of sunlight. Discovering these vents gave rise to our understanding of chemosynthetic bacteria that convert chemicals to energy, as an alternative to photosynthesis that takes place in plants. Similar chemosynthetic communities are also present around brine pools, where life persists on the shores of toxic lakes of death beneath the waves.
The deepest place in all the world’s oceans is known as the Challenger Deep, 11 km (nearly 7 miles) down at the bottom of the Mariana Trench. Within his vessel the Deepsea Challenger, James Cameron completed the first ever solo dive to the bottom of the Challenger Deep, in 2012, and observed some truly bizarre life. The discovery of microbial mats — bizarre-looking, clumps of microorganisms — living off chemicals from rocks 35,803 feet (10,912 meters) beneath the surface of the Pacific Ocean, was one observation.
Data from Cameron’s expedition, along with a newfound understanding of life at deep sea vents, gave substance to the theory that life might have originated in the deep sea. The primitive, and yet highly unique organisms that thrive in these ancient ecosystems may represent the early life that first developed from chemical building-blocks, and give rise to all life on Earth as we know it.
Discoveries like this show us the astounding potential of deep sea research. The more of us who become inspired to see this ancient realm firsthand, the more our understanding of its complex systems and processes will advance. Deep sea exploration is a multi-disciplinary endeavour. Whether it be the biology, geology, geography, archaeology, or engineering that interests you, uncovering the secrets of the abyss poses the last true frontier of pure exploration on planet Earth.
The deep is at the forefront of modern scientific research. The Nautilus exploration vehicle and the NOAA's Okeanus Explorer roam the depths each day, documenting new species that were unknown to science until now, and revealing the impact our species has had on the oceanic environment. Only once we understand these impacts, can we truly be able to change and mitigate the damage we have caused to these ecosystems.
Much like space exploration, deep sea exploration requires advanced instruments and technology. It is a cold, dark and highly pressurised abyss. Saltwater is corrosive, and conductive, and yet still we have found a way to venture into this unforgiving realm in the name of science and discovery. Remotely Operated Vehicles, known as ROVs, carry cameras, manipulator arms, sonar equipment, and sample containers, bringing back specimens for research.
The secrets of the depths are calling out. Join the mission, to explore, discover, and experience the incredible world of the deep ocean. If you’re interested in learning more about the deep sea, check out our ‘Deep Sea Wonders’ series on YouTube to discover its incredible habitats, and the animal life that calls it home.
More topics
Life at Cold Seeps
Cold seeps are areas of the ocean floor where hydrogen sulphide, methane, and other hydrocarbon-rich seepage occurs. Through a number of process, the chemicals support a biome of highly specialised creatures that live around these cold seeps.
The Open Ocean
The open ocean is an entirely different world to the benthic zone of the sea floor. The endless blue stretches away in all directions, while the black abyss hangs gaping below. Currents are stronger here. There is no shelter to be found, and food is hard to come by.
The Deep Sea Floor
Deep sea life must choose whether to live on the bottom at the benthic zone, or to brave the expansive open ocean of the pelagic midwater zone. These two groups of organisms could not be more different, but which is a more effective way of life?
Cold-Water Reefs
Deep Sea Coral Reefs represent areas of astounding biodiversity. Lush cold water coral and sponge gardens thrive in the icy waters. An expanse of colourful coral structures blooming out of the sea floor, providing important habitats for deep-dwelling life.
Deep Sea Food Web
The exact nature of the deep sea food web is still not fully understood, but advancements in technology and research in recent years have granted us a greater understanding of how these separate settlements of life are interconnected as one. Let’s take a closer look at the food web of the deep sea.
Plastic in the Ocean
The main threats seen in our oceans are species loss, habitat degradation, and changes in ecosystem function. Human activities causing a rise in extinction rates has lead to a decrease in biodiversity, particularly in coral reefs, 88% of which are threatened by excessive CO2 emissions.
