Chemosynthetic Oases | Deep Sea Cold Seeps. 🌍 Get exclusive NordVPN deal here: https://nordvpn.com/naturalworldfacts It’s risk free with Nord’s 30 day money-back guarantee! ✌️ The geological origins of cold seeps differ from hydrothermal vents. While vents form from volcanic activity at sea-floor spreading regions, cold seeps instead arise at the other end of oceanic plates, where they are subducted at the continental margin. Their formation begins with the burial of organic material under sediments on the sea-floor. These organic compounds degrade over time, producing methane. Over time, geological processes such as the tectonic compression of sediments at subduction zones forces the methane from deep reservoirs up through the overlying sediments. Anaerobic microbes dwelling below the sediment surface oxidise this methane using sulphate, producing hydrogen sulphide and bicarbonate ions as a byproduct. This hydrogen sulphide, along with any residual methane, then serves as a vital energy source for **chemosynthetic** microbes. Thus, it is a consortium of two distinct sets of microbes that makes primary productivity possible at cold seeps and lay the foundations of food webs here. The result is an environment remarkably similar to hydrothermal vents. We have a flux of sulphide and methane at the sea-floor, chemosynthetic microbes using these compounds, and an abundance of life exploiting this primary productivity, fulfilling similar ecological niches and forming biodiversity hotspots in the deep sea. Part 1: https://youtu.be/ECBbAjoEHWI Part 3: Coming Soon 00:00 - An Introduction to Cold Seeps 01:57 - Cold Seep Origins - Formation 03:28 - Cold Seep Origins - Seep Biodiversity 04:28 - Life at Cold Seeps - Bathymodiolus Mussels 05:02 - Life at Cold Seeps - Grazing Organisms 05:23 - Life at Cold Seeps - Siboglinid Tube Worms 07:13 - Life at Cold Seeps - Yeti Crabs 07:50 - Life at Cold Seeps - Predatory Organisms 08:20 - Life at Cold Seeps - The Benthic Filter 09:05 - Seep Varieties - Overview 09:47 - Seep Varieties - Mud Volcanoes 10:44 - Seep Varieties - Methane Hydrate Beds 12:57 - Seep Varieties - Asphalt Seeps 14:08 - Seep Varieties - Tar Lilies 15:47 - Seep Varieties - Brine Pools 17:29 - Ecological Succession - Carbonate Reefs 19:10 - Succession Stage I - Microbial Mats and Mussel Beds 19:50 - Succession Stage II - Tube Worm Bushes 20:02 - Succession Stage III - Carbonate Blockage 20:37 - Successional Stage IV - Coral Gardens 21:15 - Conclusion CHECK OUT MY DEEP SEA WEBSITE: https://naturalworldfacts.com/deep-sea-hub/ Written, Narrated and Edited by Leo Richards Seep Animation custom made by Fabio Albertelli and Jakub Misiek I do not own any of the footage. I write the script, narrate, and edit what footage I can find, which is allowed due to YouTube's 'Fair Use' policy as these films are transformative and for educational purposes. Footage used belongs to the incredible marine conservation societies of Schmidt Ocean Institute, MBARI, WHOI and the Ocean Exploration Institute, along with various other YouTube sources. Most footage is used with explicit permission of the copyright owner. In cases where I cannot contact the owner or have not received a reply, I use certain clips in accordance with the Fair Use policy. Music Used: Ascend (reworked) by Christopher Galovan Their Souls by Piotr Hummel Mysa by Laurel Violet Folklore by Ardie Son Stories from the Sky by Sid Acharya Nocturnal by LEMMINO In Love with Emi by Fabien Fustinoni Corals Under the Sun by Yehezkel Raz Landing on the Ground by Yehezkel Raz #deepsea #wildlife #nature #documentary #ocean #marinebiology #science #biology Bibliography: Cordes, E.E., Bergquist, D.C. and Fisher, C.R., 2009. Macro-ecology of Gulf of Mexico cold seeps. Annual Review of Marine Science, 1, pp.143-168. FiShER, C., Roberts, H., Cordes, E. and Bernard, B., 2007. Cold seeps and associated communities of the Gulf of Mexico. Oceanography, 20(4), pp.118-129. Sasaki, T., Warén, A., Kano, Y., Okutani, T. and Fujikura, K., 2010. Gastropods from recent hot vents and cold seeps: systematics, diversity and life strategies. The vent and seep biota, pp.169-254. Suess, E., 2020. Marine cold seeps: background and recent advances. Hydrocarbons, Oils and Lipids: Diversity, Origin, Chemistry and Fate, pp.747-767.

This is your sign to get out there and connect with the wildlife of your local area! Wherever you are in the world, take a moment to appreciate the nature in the places you'd least expect it. In addition, throughout the whole month of May, the BackyardBio project is hoping people will take the chance to document what they find through photographs, sketches and stories and will share it with the world to help foster a global appreciation for biodiversity everywhere. The project was created by my friend Jesse Hildebrand. That said, this is not an ad - all you need is yourself and some means of recording any observations. I think it's a wonderful way to get involved in a month of wildlife appreciation! You can find more information about it here - https://www.backyardbio.net/ There are three ways to get involved: 1. On social media using the #backyardbio - share images of wild creatures or of yourself out enjoying nature! 2. Via the iNaturalist app. By joining the BackyardBio-2022 iNaturalist project all your observations will be collated together to provide a snapshot of all the living things around the globe. For younger kids, the Seek app is recommended as it makes nature learning an engaging game and prevents location data for little ones being collected. 3. For teachers, register your classroom with the BackyardBio.net website where your class will be partnered with others of the same age around the world to join in a shared BackyardBio experience. But most importantly, just be sure to spend some time outdoors and interact with the local wildlife that’s all-too-often overlooked! 🍃

Chemosynthetic Oases | Deep Sea Hydrothermal Vents. Join me and go carbon neutral with Klima today. Click https://klima.onelink.me/GVvD/naturalworldfacts and enter code NATURALWORLD10 to claim 10 additional trees. The process of chemosynthesis is similar to photosynthesis. Both can be defined as the creation of organic matter from the fixation of inorganic carbon using energy. But what differs is the source of that energy. In parts of the deep sea, primary production is fuelled by chemical energy, rather than energy from the sun. But this can only take place at certain sea-floor environments where the required chemicals are released into the water. The two main examples of such environments are hydrothermal vents, and cold seeps. The former were only discovered in 1977 when scientists were exploring an oceanic spreading ridge near the Galapagos Islands. What they discovered was a hidden world that revolutionised our understanding of how and where life on Earth can exist. Since then, hundreds more vent field have been discovered, often at depths of 2km or more, along Earth’s convergent plate boundaries and at sea-floor spreading regions where the oceanic crust is moving apart. Part 2: Coming Soon Part 3: Coming Soon 00:00 - An Introduction to Chemosynthetic Oases 02:15 - Primary Production - Hydrothermal Vents 03:54 - Primary Production - Formation of Hydrothermal Vents 05:19 - Primary Production - Types of Hydrothermal Vents 06:00 - Primary Production - Chemosynthesis at Hydrothermal Vents 07:24 - Vent Communities - An Oasis in the Deep Sea 09:09 - Vent Communities - Interspecific Competition 10:12 - Vent Communities - Resource Partitioning 11:07 - Adaptations at Vents - Grazers and Suspension Feeders 11:46 - Adaptations at Vents - Yeti Crabs and Microbial Epibionts 12:17 - Adaptations at Vents - Tubeworm Endosymbiosis 13:06 - Adaptations at Vents - The Pompeii Worm 14:05 - Adaptations at Vents - Predatory Organisms 14:31 - Adaptations at Vents - Deep-sea Skates 14:57 - Adaptations at Vents - Life on the Periphery 15:50 - Adaptations at Vents - Endemism 16:15 - Adaptations at Vents - Origins of Life 17:13 - Conclusion CHECK OUT MY DEEP SEA WEBSITE: https://naturalworldfacts.com/deep-sea-hub/ Written, Narrated and Edited by Leo Richards Vent Animation custom made by Fabio Albertelli and Jakub Misiek I do not own any of the footage. I write the script, narrate, and edit what footage I can find, which is allowed due to YouTube's 'Fair Use' policy as these films are transformative and for educational purposes. Footage used belongs to the incredible marine conservation societies of Schmidt Ocean Institute, MBARI, WHOI and the Ocean Exploration Institute, along with various other YouTube sources. Most footage is used with explicit permission of the copyright owner. In cases where I cannot contact the owner or have not received a reply, I use certain clips in accordance with the Fair Use policy. Music Used: How it Was by Laurel Violet Inborn by Piotr Hummel Back Home by Max H Once Loved by Max H Escaping Forever by Michael Vignola One Word (reworked) by Christopher Galovan Deep Blue Sea (instrumental) by Yehezkel Raz Autumn Nights by O.B #deepsea #wildlife #nature #documentary #ocean #marinebiology #science #biology Bibliography: Martin, W., Baross, J., Kelley, D. and Russell, M., 2008. Hydrothermal vents and the origin of life. Nature Reviews Microbiology, [online] 6(11), pp.805-814. Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/nrmicro1991 Mullineaux, L., Metaxas, A., Beaulieu, S., Bright, M., Gollner, S., Grupe, B., Herrera, S., Kellner, J., Levin, L., Mitarai, S., Neubert, M., Thurnherr, A., Tunnicliffe, V., Watanabe, H. and Won, Y., 2018. Exploring the Ecology of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents in a Metacommunity Framework. Frontiers in Marine Science, [online] 5. Available at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2018.00049/full Zierenberg, R., Adams, M. and Arp, A., 2000. Life in extreme environments: Hydrothermal vents. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, [online] 97(24), pp.12961-12962. Available at: https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.210395997

Deep Sea Brine Pools. 🌍 Get exclusive NordVPN deal here: https://nordvpn.com/naturalworldfacts It’s risk free with Nord’s 30 day money-back guarantee! ✌️ Deep Sea Brine Pools appear to be biological dead-zones in the ocean, and yet an astounding abundance of ocean life can be found lining the shores of these toxic lakes. Mussels, hagfish, crabs and even sharks frequent these isolated hotspots to hunt. A community of uniquely adapted organisms is able to thrive on the brine pool shore; in a similar fashion to the life that inhabits deep sea hydrothermal vent communities, we find organisms capable of chemosynthesis, as well as other organisms preying on them – all interacting and existing on the borders of a toxic pool of brine. As the energy here is largely supplied by chemosynthesis, rather than sunlight, brine pools also mirror hydrothermal vents in demonstrating how the extreme deep sea ecosystem is unique in the ways in which it supports life. There are no photosynthesising primary producers converting sunlight to energy, as the light of the sun cannot reach these depths. Instead, energy is supplied by the Earth itself. 00:00 - An Introduction to Brine Pools 01:39 - Brine Pool Origins - Formation in the Gulf of Mexico 03:01 - Brine Pool Origins - Landforms and Features 04:10 - Life on the Edge - Hot Tubs of Despair 05:31 - Life on the Edge - Biological Hotspots 06:54 - Life on the Edge - A Chemosynthetic Oasis 07:54 - Life on the Edge - Ecological Interactions 09:12 - Life on the Edge - A Delicate Ecosystem 09:38 - Conclusion CHECK OUT MY DEEP SEA WEBSITE: https://naturalworldfacts.com/deep-sea-hub/ Narrated by Leo Richards Co-written by Leo Richards and Blake Frutiger Blake's socials: https://www.instagram.com/bfrutiger99/ I do not own any of the footage. I write the script, narrate, and edit what footage I can find, which is allowed due to YouTube's 'Fair Use' policy as these films are for educational purposes. Footage used belongs to the incredible marine conservation societies of Schmidt Ocean Institute, MBARI, WHOI and the Ocean Exploration Institute, along with various other YouTube sources. Music Used: Wonder by VYEN Ambient Sci-Fi Music by Eon Inhale by VYEN Signal To Noise by Scott Buckley Storyteller by O.B. #deepsea #wildlife #nature #documentary #ocean #marinebiology #science #biology Bibliography: http://www.oceanx.org/brine-pools-exploring-an-alien-world-for-blue-planet-ii/ https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/02mexico/background/brinepool/brinepool.html https://www.science.gov/topicpages/d/deep+brine+pool https://www.scienceandthesea.org/program/201104/brine-lakes

Whale-falls of the Deep Sea. For your chance to win the Tahoe Dream House and support a great cause, enter at https://www.omaze.com/naturalworld Fallen whale carcasses, abundant in the deep-sea, form ecosystems of their own. When a whale dies and sinks, the carcass provides a sudden, concentrated food source and creates an 'island' of organic matter on an otherwise food-poor seabed. Its body can last for decades, supporting an ever-changing ecosystem that blooms out of the barren darkness like flowers in spring. As it decomposes, different stages support a succession of marine biological communities. It is these complex and fascinating stages that we will explore in this video. READ MORE: https://www.naturalworldfacts.com/whale-fall-ecosystems #deepsea #wildlife #nature #animals #ocean #fish #science #biology 00:00 - A Introduction to Whale-falls 01:44 - Ecology of a Whale-fall - Islands on the Sea-floor 02:55 - Ecology of a Whale-fall - Ecological Succession 04:05 - Formation of a Whale-fall 05:13 - Stage 1: The Mobile Scavenger Stage 06:45 - Stage 2: The Enrichment Opportunist Stage 08:15 - Stage 3: The Sulfophilic Stage 10:11 - Stage 4: The Reef Stage 11:06 - Conclusion Footage used is from Nautilus Live, MBARI, MarumTV, Jamstec and various YouTube sources. Please reach out if any further clarification is needed. Music Used: In The Throes by Asher Fulero Sonora by Quincas Moreira Noir Et Blanc Vie by Knowpe Finding the Pattern by Jessica Curry A Choice by Jessica Curry The Manifestation by Jessica Curry Resources: https://www.npr.org/2019/09/13/760664122/what-happens-after-a-whale-dies https://nerc.ukri.org/planetearth/stories/137/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25251277/ https://www.mbari.org/whale-falls-islands-of-abundance-and-diversity-in-the-deep-sea/

Deep Sea Sponges (Porifera). 🌍 Get exclusive NordVPN deal here: https://nordvpn.com/naturalworldfacts It’s risk free with Nord’s 30 day money-back guarantee! ✌️ Sponges (Porifera) of the deep sea play a vital role in supporting communities of life. With over 8,500 sponge species known to science, and colonising vast areas of the sea floor from the shallow intertidal zone to the continental slope and the abyssal plain of the deep, their success is extraordinary and their importance unparalleled. They are ecosystem engineers. By building reefs and cycling nutrients, they form the foundation of many communities, and have been doing so for over 600 million years. This is the wonderful world of sponges. 00:00 - Introduction to Sponges 01:35 - Anatomy of Sponges - The Basic Morphology 02:28 - Anatomy of Sponges - Boring and Encrusting Sponges 02:51 - Anatomy of Sponges - Erect Sponges 03:11 - Anatomy of Sponges - The Sclereocytes 03:52 - Anatomy of Sponges - The Archeocytes 04:13 - Anatomy of Sponges - The Choanocytes 04:45 - Role of Sponges - The Importance of Pumping 05:26 - Role of Sponges - Reef-builders 06:33 - Role of Sponges - The Sponge Crab Symbiosis 07:52 - Sponges of the Deep - The Sponge Gardens 09:09 - Sponges of the Deep - Carnivorous Sponges 10:16 - Sponges of the Deep - Benthic-Pelagic Coupling 11:03 - Sponges of the Deep - Calcareous Sponges 11:30 - Sponges of the Deep - Silaceous Sponges 12:06 - Sponges of the Deep - Life at the Vents 12:33 - Conclusion CHECK OUT OUR DEEP SEA WEBSITE: https://naturalworldfacts.com/deep-sea-hub/ I do not own any of the footage. I write the script, narrate, and edit what footage I can find. Footage used belongs to the incredible marine conservation societies of MBARI, WHOI and the Ocean Exploration Institute, along with various other YouTube sources. Music Used: Storyteller by O.B Into Memories by Viam Spiritus Autumn Nights by O.B Life by O.B Thinking of You by O.B #deepsea #wildlife #nature #documentary #ocean #marinebiology #science #biology Bibliography: https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/sponge.html https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-20389-4_9 https://usa.oceana.org/deep-sea-corals-and-sponges-0/ https://www.biologydiscussion.com/invertebrate-zoology/phylum-porifera/3-main-classes-of-phylum-porifera/32574

Deep Sea Aggregations Explained. Go to Squarespace.com for a free trial, and when you’re ready to launch, go to http://www.squarespace.com/naturalworldfacts to save 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain. In the deep sea, going alone is rarely an option. The harsh environments of the deep ocean are an imposing challenge for a lone organism to face, as the dark conceals many dangers, while dazzling bioluminescence deceives unwitting prey. For this reason, deep sea animals tend not to spread out. Instead, wherever possible, they come together in their masses to create abundant patches of life in the lonely depths. Hotspots of biodiversity, in stark contrast with the otherwise barren stretch of darkness. Safety in numbers is a fool-proof survival strategy that increases their chances of finding food, evading predation, or having reproductive success in the endless blue. From vibrant coral gardens and deep sea scavenger communities, to expansive jellyfish blooms that cloud the ocean surface, these are the animal aggregations of the oceans. 00:00 - An Introduction to Deep Sea Aggregations 01:48 - Pelagic Aggregations - Challenges of the Open Ocean 02:49 - Pelagic Aggregations - The Jellyfish Blooms 04:08 - Pelagic Aggregations - Schooling and Shoaling of Fish 05:42 - Pelagic Aggregations - The Great Diel Vertical Migration 07:01 - Pelagic Aggregations - The Nutrient Supply Chain 07:56 - Sea-floor Aggregations - Colonisers of the Benthos 08:15 - Sea-floor Aggregations - Scavenger Communities 09:01 - Sea-floor Aggregations - The Life of Whale-falls 10:37 - Sea-floor Aggregations - The Octopus Garden 10:57 - Sea-floor Aggregations - Cold-water Coral Gardens 11:25 - Sea-floor Aggregations - The Importance of Seamounts 12:11 - Sea-floor Aggregations - Deep Sea Sessile Communities 12:34 - Sea-floor Aggregations - The Sponge Grounds 13:42 - Sea-floor Aggregations - Symbiosis in the Benthos 14:32 - Sea-floor Aggregations - Chemosynthetic Communities 15:42 - Conclusion CHECK OUT MY DEEP SEA WEBSITE: https://naturalworldfacts.com/deep-sea-hub/ I do not own any of the footage. I write the script, narrate, and edit what footage I can find, which is allowed due to YouTube's 'Fair Use' policy as these films are for educational purposes. Footage used belongs to the incredible marine conservation societies of Schmidt Ocean Institute, MBARI, WHOI and the Ocean Exploration Institute, along with various other YouTube sources. Music Used: On Earth by We Dream of Eden When I Looked Up by We Dream of Eden Earth by Luca Francini Crystal Sky by virtualmaxx 'Ambient Sci-fi Music' by Eon See You Soon by Samuel Plachtinsky Soul’s Departure by Darren Curtis Eternal Sleep by Darren Curtis Sounds of the Deep by Darren Curtis A big thank you to We Dream of Eden for letting me use their tracks! Links below: YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdQpf_7qoyjPfwoF4Oy2gBA/featured Website: https://www.wedreamofeden.com/#home-section #deepsea #wildlife #nature #documentary #ocean #marinebiology #science #biology Bibliography: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21962752/ http://www.coastalwiki.org/wiki/Aggregation_and_marine_biological_value https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967063718302437

Migrations of the Open Ocean. Go to Squarespace.com for a free trial, and when you’re ready to launch, go to http://www.squarespace.com/naturalworldfacts to save 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain. Migrations are a key to survival in the marine ecosystem. From whales and turtles to sardines, by travelling to different locations, nektonic animals stand better chances of finding food or a suitable place to breed and raise their young. In this video, we’ll take a look at the migrations of nektonic organisms - animals that are able to actively swim and can undertake large-scale journeys around the world, covering larger distances than plankton and their predators. Part 1 | Diel Vertical Migrations: https://youtu.be/otgMoBmEEFk DEEP SEA HUB: https://naturalworldfacts.com/deep-sea-hub 00:00 - Introduction 01:10 - Chapter 1: Nektonic Adaptations - Why Animals Migrate 02:05 - Chapter 1: Nektonic Adaptations - Marine Mammals 02:35 - Chapter 1: Nektonic Adaptations - Migratory Fish 03:00 - Chapter 2: In Search of Sanctuary - The Sea Turtle Migration 04:04 - Chapter 2: In Search of Sanctuary - The Whale Migration 04:56 - Chapter 2: In Search of Sanctuary - The Whale Nursing Period 05:40 - Chapter 3: The Sardine Run - A Plentiful Feast 06:45 - Chapter 3: The Sardine Run - Nektonic Invertebrates 07:13 - Conclusion Footage used belongs to Schmidt Ocean Institute, MBARI, NOAA, the Ocean Exploration Institute, as well as various YouTube sources in accordance with the Fair Use policy's allowance for educational content. #deepsea #wildlife #nature #documentary #ocean #marinebiology #science #biology Music in This Video: Subterranean Howl by ELPHNT Encounters by LEMMiNO Sunn Forest by ELPHNT Devoid by ELPHNT Map graphic: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Drdmom6pak4 Resources: https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/natures-home-magazine/birds-and-wildlife-articles/migration/through-the-oceans/ https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/12/101215102436.htm

Deep Sea Vertical Migrators. Go to Squarespace.com for a free trial, and when you’re ready to launch, go to http://www.squarespace.com/naturalworldfacts to save 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain. Diel vertical migration serves as the anchor for the food web that supplies the entire planet. Every day, 5 billion metric tonnes of organisms migrate to the surface to feed. Predators chase prey, forming a layer of animals so dense that it shows up on sonar equipment as a false bottom. The Deep Scattering Layer. Part 2 | Seasonal Marine Migrations: https://youtu.be/WN89qh7aXNg DEEP SEA HUB: https://naturalworldfacts.com/deep-sea-hub 00:00 - Introduction: Migrations in the Deep Sea 01:04 - Adaptations to the Pelagic Zone 01:30 - Why Marine Animals Migrate 01:46 - How Marine Animals Know when to Migrate 02:29 - Diel Vertical Migration 03:04 - The Role of Zooplankton 03:34 - The Deep Sea Arms Race 04:13 - Sanctuary in the Deep 04:34 - Why Vertical Migrations are Necessary 04:50 - The Role of Phytoplankton 05:21 - The Deep Sea Food Web 06:01 - The Importance of Krill 06:34 - Siphonophores 06:47 - The Great Larvacean Mucus Trap 07:17 - Active Predators of Vertical Migrators 07:46 - The Role of Lanternfish 08:14 - Conclusion: The Importance of the Vertical Migration 08:48 - Preview: Seasonal Marine Migrations Footage used belongs to Schmidt Ocean Institute, MBARI, NOAA, the Ocean Exploration Institute, as well as various YouTube sources in accordance with the Fair Use policy's allowance for educational content. #deepsea #wildlife #nature #documentary #ocean #marinebiology #science #biology Music by Jorge Mendez: - Shelter - Solitude - Silver Linings - Moments Resources: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230996198_Diving_behavior_of_sperm_whales_in_relation_to_behavior_of_a_major_prey_species_the_jumbo_squid_in_the_Gulf_of_California_Mexico https://www.mbari.org/vertical-migration-predators/