The deep sea relies on keystone species to maintain balance. Through predation, competition and symbiosis, changes in the population of one species affects the population of another. But at the heart of these diverse and vibrant deep sea communities are the keystone species, whose presence keeps the balance in the ecosystem by determining the numbers of other species. Without keystone species, ecosystems would look very different, and if they disappeared, the oceans would be more vulnerable to environmental change and would experience a rapid decline in biodiversity. The three different kinds of keystone species, the predators, ecosystem engineers, and mutualists, have very different roles to play in order to maintain their ecosystems. Let’s take a closer look at these, and examine the keystones of the deep sea. 00:00 - An Introduction to Deep Sea Keystone Species 01:47 - Chapter 1: Keystone Predators - The Trophic Cascade 03:31 - Chapter 1: Keystone Predators - The Role of Predators 04:54 - Chapter 2: Ecosystem Engineers - Autogenic vs Allogenic 06:16 - Chapter 2: Ecosystem Engineers - Corals as Keystones 07:19 - Chapter 2: Ecosystem Engineers - Benthic Burrowers 08:59 - Chapter 2: Ecosystem Engineers - Whale-Pumps and Whale-Falls 12:16 - Chapter 3: Keystone Mutualists - The Importance of Mutualism 13:03 - Chapter 3: Keystone Mutualists - Mutualists at Cold Seeps 15:09 - Conclusion: The Importance of Keystone Species CHECK OUT OUR DEEP SEA WEBSITE: https://naturalworldfacts.com/deep-sea-hub/ I do not own any of the footage. Footage used belongs to the incredible marine conservation societies of Schmidt OI, MBARI, WHOI and the Ocean Exploration Institute, along with various other YouTube sources. Music Used: Cold by Jorge Mendez War Inside by Jorge Mendez Oceans by Jorge Mendez Best Case Scenario by Jorge Mendez Perhaps by Jorge Mendez As you can see, all of the beautiful music in this video was composed by Jorge Mendez! Follow him on YouTube for more gorgeous pieces like these. #deepsea #wildlife #nature #documentary #ocean #marinebiology #science #biology

Crustaceans of the Deep Sea. Start speaking a new language in 3 weeks with Babbel 🎉 Get up to 65% OFF in your subscription▶️ here: https://go.babbel.com/12m65-youtube-naturalworldfacts-aug-2021/default Crustaceans, of all the animal groups in the ocean, are by far the most successful. Coming in a boundless array of colours, shapes and sizes, crustaceans have diversified so much that they are often called the insects of the oceans, a title reflecting their remarkable diversity and abundance. But nowhere are they more weird and wonderful than in the deep sea, where crustaceans have adapted in countless ways in order to survive, and play key roles in the ecosystem. Let’s take a closer look at these incredible invertebrates. 00:00 - Introduction 00:20 - The Diversity of Crustaceans 00:57 - The Structure of Crustaceans 01:46 - Adaptations of Deep Sea Crustaceans 02:00 - Decapods Explained (Adaptations of Crabs) 02:11 - Adaptations of Antarctic Krill 02:54 - The Importance of Krill in the Ecosystem 03:26 - The Role of Crustaceans in the Food Web 03:58 - Amphipods as Detrivores of the Deep Sea 04:55 - Adaptations of Deep Sea Amphipods 05:30 - Abyssal Gigantism in Amphipods 06:00 - The Supergiant Amphipod 06:22 - Abyssal Gigantism in Giant Isopods 06:51 - Conclusion: The Importance of Deep Sea Crustaceans DEEP SEA HUB: https://naturalworldfacts.com/deep-sea-hub/ Footage used is from YouTube, NOAA, MBARI, the Ocean Exploration Institute and the Schmidt Ocean Institute. Music Used: Greenland Shark by Long Live Antarctica! (Alex), a good friend of mine. Check out the full track: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FOqeep0NYKA&t=91s Namaste by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Artist: http://audionautix.com/ What True Self, Feels Bogus, Let's Watch Jason X by Chris Zabriskie #deepsea #wildlife #nature #documentary #ocean #marinebiology #science #biology Resources: Dipper, F. (2016). The Marine World: A Natural History of Ocean Life. United Kingdom: Princeton University Press.

Secret Life of Rock Pools. The first 100 people to download ENDEL by clicking https://app.adjust.com/b8wxub6?campaign=naturalworldfacts_september&adgroup=youtube will gain free access for 1 week. As the tide recedes along the shores, it uncovers a truly alien world of rock pools. At first look, the landscape presents little more than a barren, lifeless stretch of thick mud and rotting seaweed, strewn with boulders. But these features come together to create a unique habitat. Twice a day, miles of sand, gullies, reefs and rock pools are exposed, bringing into view a wealth of rarely seen marine life. Here, the sparse isolated pools open a window on the many conflicts that these creatures must content with in order to survive. Each rock pool is a tiny but complex ecosystem, home to crabs, shrimps, and all manner of incredible creatures. All the footage in this video is completely original and was filmed by the NWF team - aka Leo and his girlfriend Ella :D Filmed on location at La Rocque, Jersey, Channel Islands. 00:00 - An Introduction to Rock Pools 01:48 - Searching for Life in the Fog 03:17 - Adaptations in the Rock Pools - Shells and Exoskeletons 04:36 - The Hidden World of Crabs 06:55 - Adaptations in the Rock Pools - Camouflage 07:26 - The Nutrient Cycle - Life, Death and Decay 08:37 - The Nutrient Cycle - Grazers and Detrivores 09:39 - A Sanctuary for New Life 10:31 - The Returning Tide 11:08 - Outro CHECK OUT OUR DEEP SEA WEBSITE: https://naturalworldfacts.com/deep-sea-hub/ Music Used: Stay by Jorge Mendez Timeless by Jorge Mendez War Inside by Jorge Mendez Fall by Jorge Mendez Silver Linings by Jorge Mendez Away by Jorge Mendez As you can see, all of the beautiful music in this video was composed by Jorge Mendez! Follow him on YouTube for more gorgeous pieces like these. #deepsea #wildlife #nature #documentary #ocean #marinebiology #science #biology

Deep Sea Conflict and Competition. Start building your ideal daily routine 💪 The first 100 people who click on the link will get a FREE week trial and 25% OFF 🎁 Fabulous Premium ➡️ https://thefab.co/naturalworldfacts The deep sea is rife with competition and conflict. Deep sea biodiversity relies on the scattered organisms interacting in order to survive, whether they’re working together in symbiosis, scavenging, being predated, or parasitising a host animal. But there is one ecological interaction that does more than any other to influence organisms to change and diversify, and thus plays an important role in the success of deep sea communities. The limited resources mean only a small number of niches can exist. Thus, there is greater competition between different species trying to fill the same niches. This explains why the deep sea has so much competition, for animals must share the ecosystem with other competing species all trying to consume the same limited resources. 00:00 - An Introduction to Deep Sea Competition 01:31 - Chapter 1: A World of Quiet Conflict - The Reasons for Competition 02:22 - Chapter 1: A World of Quiet Conflict - The Trophic Levels 03:48 - Chapter 1: A World of Quiet Conflict - The Ecological Niches 05:21 - Chapter 2: Competition Between Species - Sea Floor Ecosystems 08:12 - Chapter 2: Competition Between Species - The Competitive Exclusion Principle 09:06 - Chapter 2: Competition Between Species - Resource Partitioning at Vents 11:48 - Chapter 3: Competition Within Species - Intraspecific Competition 12:63 - Chapter 3: Competition Within Species - Group Hunting Techniques 14:25 - Conclusion: The Importance of Ecological Competition CHECK OUT OUR DEEP SEA WEBSITE: https://naturalworldfacts.com/deep-sea-hub/ Footage used belongs to the incredible marine conservation societies of Schmidt Ocean Institute (who are absolutely brilliant and you should check out their full-length ROV dives on YouTube), MBARI, WHOI and the Ocean Exploration Institute, along with various other YouTube sources. Music Used: Home by Jorge Mendez Amnesia by Jorge Mendez Away by Jorge Mendez Fragments by Jorge Mendez Serendipity by Jorge Mendez As you can see, all of the beautiful music in this video was composed by Jorge Mendez! Follow him on YouTube for more gorgeous pieces like these. #deepsea #wildlife #nature #documentary #ocean #marinebiology #science #biology Resources: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/ecology-ap/community-ecology/a/niches-competition/ https://untamedscience.com/biology/ecology/competition/ https://www.deepseaworld.com/blog/education/a-fishy-love-story-courtship-in-marine-animals/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/intraspecific-competition https://research.nhm.org/dataimages/abyss/Jumars1976.pdf https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/hydrothermal-vent-community https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096706371730136X http://hhsmarine.weebly.com/ecology.html

Start speaking a new language in 3 weeks with Babbel 🎉 Get up to 65% OFF in your subscription▶️ here https://go.babbel.com/12m65-youtube-naturalworldfacts-aug-2021/default While sharks have become rulers of the open ocean, the skates and rays have conquered the seabed in their place, making up the superorder Batoidea. With their distinct shape, skates and rays have become highly efficient predators of life beneath the sediment. Different species make use of different strategies. Bottom-dwelling species such as skates are often ambush predators, burying themselves in the sediment and lying motionless before snapping up passing creatures. This behaviour also protects the rays from being spotted by predators. In contrast, eagle rays and cow nose rays gather in graceful schools. To hunt, they dig invertebrates from the sediment using their prominent snouts or by beating their wings. Manta rays are truly pelagic, spending their lives in the open ocean and feeding in a very different way. 00:00 - An Introduction to Rays and Skates 01:09 - The Structure of Rays - General Body Plan 02:12 - The Structure of Rays - Dermal Denticles 02:36 - Hunting Methods - Ambush Predators 03:09 - Hunting Methods - Digging for Prey 03:29 - Hunting Methods - Filter Feeding (Manta Rays) 04:03 - Adaptations of the Manta Ray 04:45 - Hunting Methods - The Sawfish 04:47 - The Role of Rays - Bioturbation 05:37 - The Role of Rays - A Source of Prey 06:07 - Migrations - The Great Devil Ray Swarm 06:36 - Migrations - Taking to the Skies 07:27 - Rays of the Depths - Devil Rays 07:52 - Rays of the Depths - The Deepsea Skate 08:57 - Rays of the Depths - The Chimaera 09:30 - Conclusion - The Importance of Rays DEEP SEA HUB: https://naturalworldfacts.com/deep-sea-hub/ Footage used is from various YouTube sources, the BBC, MBARI, NatGeo, the Ocean Exploration Institute and the Schmidt Ocean Institute, as well as other sources. Music Used: Industrial Music Box by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100812 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ Atlantean Twilight by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100322 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ Lost Frontier by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300039 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ The Light Within by the Westerlies Glacier by Patrick Patrikios #deepsea #wildlife #nature #documentary #ocean #marinebiology #science #biology Resources: https://www.earthtouchnews.com/oceans/deep-ocean/these-deep-sea-skates-use-hydrothermal-vents-as-egg-incubators/ https://oceana.org/marine-life/sharks-rays/giant-manta-ray https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/the-spectacular-display-of-the-mobula-ray.html

The Hidden World of Oceanic Islands. The first 100 people to go to https://www.blinkist.com/naturalworldfacts will get unlimited access for 1 week to try it out. You'll also get 25% off if you want the full membership. Oceanic Islands make up a sixth of all land on Earth. In the Pacific alone, more than 25,000 islands are scattered amidst the endless blue. From Hawaii's rocky mountains, to coral atolls of the Maldives, each hosting unique communities of life and species found nowhere else on Earth. Ecosystems that would not exist if not for the powerful forces that pulled these mighty rocks from the abyss. Volcanism, and tectonics. Watch Part 1 - Seamounts: https://youtu.be/q-U4G9zBk3E 00:00 - An Introduction to Oceanic Islands 01:39 - Chapter 1: Life and Death of an Island - The Abundance of Islands 02:34 - Chapter 1: Life and Death of an Island - How Islands Form 03:26 - Chapter 1: Life and Death of an Island - How Coral Atolls Form 05:04 - Chapter 2: A Land of Opportunity - The Arrival of Life at Islands 07:48 - Chapter 2: A Land of Opportunity - Adaptive Radiation 08:52 - Chapter 2: A Land of Opportunity - The Story of Darwin's Finches 09:33 - Chapter 2: A Land of Opportunity - A Scale Model of Evolution 11:37 - Chapter 2: A Land of Opportunity - The Lemurs of Madagascar 12:57 - Chapter 3: Life Beneath the Waves - The Island Mass Effect 14:02 - Chapter 3: Life Beneath the Waves - The Galapagos Humboldt Current 15:02 - Chapter 3: Life Beneath the Waves - The Importance of Mangroves 16:14 - Conclusion: The Importance of Islands 17:19 - Message from our Sponsor CHECK OUT OUR DEEP SEA WEBSITE: https://naturalworldfacts.com/deep-sea-hub/ I do not own any of the footage. I write the script, narrate, and edit what footage I can find, which is allowed due to YouTube's 'Fair Use' policy. Footage used is from various YouTube sources. Due to the sheer number of sources used, I'm unable to list them all here. If I've used your footage and you would like to be credited, let me know and I'll add a link to your video and channel here. Music Used: No Field Was Formed by Austin Wintory Secret Garden by Nocturne Ichthyosaurus Communis by Austin Wintory Elasmosaurus Platyurus by Austin Wintory Balaenoptera Musculus by Austin Wintory Final Confluence by Austin Wintory Home of the Gumon by Gareth Coker First Steps Into Sunken Glades #deepsea #wildlife #nature #documentary #ocean #marinebiology #science #biology Resources: https://www.bbc.co.uk/teach/ks3-gcse-biology-islands-unusual-animals/zj38vk7 https://www.majordifferences.com/2018/08/10-differences-between-pioneer-community-and-climax-community.html#.YF7-gl37SdY https://www.amnh.org/explore/videos/biodiversity/mangroves-the-roots-of-the-sea/why-mangroves-matter

Seamounts are important deep sea ecosystems. Breaking the flat monotony of the abyssal plains, these underwater mountains emerge from the mud. Those that rise less than 1,000 m (3,000 feet) above the plains are called abyssal hills, while anything taller is a seamount. And there are at least 100,000 of them, with over half found in the Pacific Ocean near the tectonic plate boundaries. An unsurprising statistic, for Seamounts are formed from volcanism. The same process responsible for the formation of many island chains. At mid-ocean ridges, the converging tectonic plates collide at boundaries called subduction zones. One plate is subducted, or forced down towards the Earth’s molten interior. As it is subducted, the crust melts and becomes magma, which rises through the rock and erupts to form volcanoes and seamounts. Watch Part 2 - Islands: https://youtu.be/wYDhBkBg-6Y 00:00 - An Introduction to Seamounts 02:00 - Chapter 1: Mountains in the Deep - How Seamounts Form 03:30 - Chapter 1: Mountains in the Deep - The Pacific Ring of Fire 04:33 - Chapter 2: An Underwater Paradise - The Perfect Ecosystem 06:41 - Chapter 2: An Underwater Paradise - The Life of Seamounts 07:30 - Chapter 2: An Underwater Paradise - The Davidson Seamount 08:23 - Chapter 2: An Underwater Paradise - The Coral Gardens 10:05 - Chapter 2: An Underwater Paradise - The Octopus Garden 11:18 - Chapter 3: The Land of Volcanoes - Hawaii's Island Chains 12:09 - Chapter 3: The Land of Volcanoes - Island Preview 12:51 - Outro CHECK OUT OUR DEEP SEA WEBSITE: https://naturalworldfacts.com/deep-sea-hub/ I do not own any of the footage. I write the script, narrate, and edit what footage I can find, which is allowed due to YouTube's 'Fair Use' policy. Footage used is from various YouTube sources, the BBC, Jonathan Bird's Blue World, MBARI, OceanX, NatGeo, the Ocean Exploration Institute and the Schmidt Ocean Institute, as well as other sources. Music Used: The Call by Austin Wintory Atonement by Austin Wintory Delphinus Delphis by Austin Wintory Apotheosis by Austin Wintory Temptations by Austin Wintory #deepsea #wildlife #nature #documentary #ocean #marinebiology #science #biology Resources: https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/ring-fire/ https://www.britannica.com/place/Ring-of-Fire https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/06davidson/welcome.html

Echinoderms come in countless shapes and sizes, but there are a few unique features that unite the 6,500 living species. Many adults of this phylum have 5-way radial symmetry; a pattern most prominent in the shape of the starfish. In addition, they have skeletons made up of interlocking calcium carbonate plates and spines called ossicles. This provides rigidity for their complex structures, making up the protective shell of urchins, or the column-like spine of crinoids. These skeletons are also the reason why fossils for echinoderms are so widespread and well-preserved, with some crinoid fossils being as old as 500 million years. Perhaps the most peculiar creatures of this phylum are the holothurians. Sea cucumbers, with their retractable feeding tentacles and tube feet around the mouth which they use to forage in the sea floor mud. 00:00 - An Introduction to Echinoderms 01:27 - The Structure of Echinoderms 02:01 - Ossicles Explained 02:35 - Holothurians Explained (Sea Cucumbers) 02:53 - The Swimming Sea Cucumber 04:21 - The Sea Pig of the Abyss 05:11 - The Role of Holothurians - Filter Feeding 05:28 - The Role of Holothurians - Bioturbation 05:49 - The Role of Holothurians - Symbiosis 05:55 - Symbiosis: Emperor Shrimps & Sea Cucumbers 06:10 - Symbiosis: Pearlfish & Sea Cucumbers 06:29 - Defensive Adaptations of Holothurians 07:10 - Starfish Explained 07:37 - The Crown-of-thorns Starfish 08:13 - The Consequences of Ecosystem Instability 08:24 - The Role of Sea Urchins - Maintaining Balance 08:59 - Brittle Stars Explained 09:30 - Basket Stars Explained 10:14 - Conclusion: The Importance of Echinoderms DEEP SEA HUB: https://naturalworldfacts.com/deep-sea-hub/ Footage used is from various YouTube sources, the BBC, Jonathan Bird's Blue World, MBARI, OceanX, NatGeo, the Ocean Exploration Institute and the Schmidt Ocean Institute, as well as other sources. Music Used: Relics by Ben Prunty (from the game Subnautica Below Zero) Seductress by Francis Preve Dark Walk by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100468 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ Lone Harvest by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100409 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ Crystal Caves by Ben Prunty #deepsea #wildlife #nature #documentary #ocean #marinebiology #science #biology Resources: https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/explorations/ex1811/logs/nov7/welcome.html https://oceanconservancy.org/blog/2019/07/03/everything-need-know-sea-pigs/

The depths of the Mariana Trench conceal many peculiar creatures. This deep sea film is sponsored by NordVPN. Go to https://nordvpn.com/naturalworldfacts or use code naturalworldfacts to get a 2-year plan plus a bonus gift with a huge discount. Check out the NordVPN YouTube channel here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yCWNR... The Mariana Trench sits like a crescent-shaped dent in the floor of the Pacific. A 2,550 km long, 69 km wide fracture that plummets down into a pure black void of the Hadal Zone. At the bottom, it hosts the deepest known location on Earth. The Challenger Deep, 11,033 metres or 36,200 feet beneath the waves. The trench itself is but one part of a global network of deep scars that cut across the ocean floor. Features that formed from a process called subduction. In the case of the Mariana Trench, the western edge of the Pacific Plate was thrust beneath the smaller Mariana Plate to the west, creating the deep fracture. Molten material then rose through volcanoes near the trench, building the nearby Mariana Islands. 00:00 - Introduction 01:18 - Chapter 1: Gates of the Underworld - How the Trench Formed 02:41 - Chapter 1: Gates of the Underworld - An 'Impossible' Frontier 03:40 - Chapter 1: Gates of the Underworld - The HMS Challenger 04:11 - Chapter 2: In Pursuit of the Abyss - The Bathyscape Trieste, 1960 05:51 - Chapter 2: In Pursuit of the Abyss - The Deepsea Challenge, 2012 06:38 - Chapter 3: Discoveries in the Dark - The Kaiko Mission 07:56 - Chapter 3: Discoveries in the Dark - The Hadal Amphipod 09:00 - Chapter 3: Discoveries in the Dark - Abyssal Sea Cucumbers 09:45 - Chapter 3: Discoveries in the Dark - The Mariana Snailfish 10:17 - Chapter 3: Discoveries in the Dark - Denizens of the Abyss 11:05 - Conclusion CHECK OUT OUR DEEP SEA WEBSITE: https://naturalworldfacts.com/deep-se... I do not own any of the footage. I write the script, narrate, and edit what footage I can find, which is allowed due to YouTube's 'Fair Use' policy. Footage used is from various YouTube sources, MBARI, NatGeo, the Ocean Exploration Institute and the Schmidt Ocean Institute, as well as other sources. Music Used: Blue Danube by Strauss Bach Cello Suite No. 1, G Major, Predule, performed by Cooper Cannell Always (Hebridean Mix) by Jessica Curry This Godforsaken Aerial by Jessica Curry Ode to Joy performed by Cooper Cannell #deepsea #wildlife #nature #documentary #ocean #marinebiology #science #biology Resources: http://awesomeocean.com/top-stories/8... http://www.deepseachallenge.com/the-e...