The Deep Sea Twilight Zone | Worlds of the Deep episode 1, a collaboration with Schmidt Ocean Institute. Thank you to Masterworks for sponsoring Natural World Facts. Skip the waitlist and invest in blue-chip art for the very first time by signing up for Masterworks: https://www.masterworks.art/nwf - See important Masterworks disclosures: https://www.masterworks.com/cd In the deep ocean, life is concentrated at chemosynthetic oases where primary production is made possible via chemosynthesis at cold seeps and deep sea hydrothermal vents. The non-chemosynthetic regions of the deep are divided into two very different worlds. First is the midwater, where pelagic wanderers tread migratory routes that span entire oceans, and planktonic drifters and their predators take part in bioluminescent light shows. It is separated into zones based on depth, including the sunlight zone (epipelagic), twilight zone (mesopelagic), midnight zone (bathypelagic), abyssal and hadal zones. And below, lies the deep sea floor. A kingdom of mud and ooze, where sessile creatures cling to any solid outcrop and corals craft kingdoms on the seamount crusts. The worlds of the deep sea could not be more different, and yet their stories are fundamentally intertwined. In this episode, we delve into the Twilight Zone. Support my work on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/naturalworldfacts Episodes: 1 - The Twilight Zone 2 - The Midnight Zone - coming soon 3 - The Abyssal Plain - coming soon 4 - Seamounts and Canyons - coming soon 5 - Hydrothermal Vents - coming soon Written, narrated and edited by me, Leo Richards. This channel (Natural World Facts) is a solo passion project dedicated to exploring the wonders of the natural world and telling stories that inspire! I'm so excited to share this series with you at last. Schmidt Ocean Institute (SOI) is a non-profit oceanographic research foundation that has been pioneering deep-sea research and discovery since 2009, on board their old vessel RV Falkor and their new RV Falkor (too). Their remotely operated vehicle (ROV) SuBastian is equipped with a suite of sensors and a 4K camera that has illuminated the depths and live-streamed dives around the world. Most footage shown is filmed and provided by SOI. Huge thank you to them for contributing their footage, and working with me to create this series! Check out their website: https://schmidtocean.org/ 00:00 - Introduction to the Deep Ocean 04:04 - The Ocean Midwater 05:21 - Introducing Schmidt Ocean Institute 06:54 - The Sunlight Zone (Epipelagic) 08:51 - The Twilight Zone (Mesopelagic) 10:40 - Twilight Zone Drifters - Gossamer Worm 11:28 - Twilight Zone Drifters - Bloody-belly Comb Jelly 12:12 - Twilight Zone Drifters - Swimming Sea Snails 12:48 - Twilight Zone Drifters - Deep Sea Siphonophores 14:47 - Twilight Zone Drifters - Meroplankton and Larvae 15:35 - Twilight Zone Drifters - The Life Cycle of Jellyfish 16:31 - Twilight Zone Drifters - Deep Sea Jellyfish 17:38 - Introducing Nekton - Active Swimmers 18:38 - Deep Sea Cephalopods - The Glass Octopus 19:10 - Deep Sea Cephalopods - The Glass Squid 19:52 - Deep Sea Cephalopods - Inking as Defence 20:41 - Deep Sea Cephalopods - Mimicry of Swordtail Squid 21:43 - Deep Sea Cephalopods - Hunting Techniques 22:38 - Deep Sea Adaptations - Countershading and Counter-illumination 23:54 - Deep Sea Adaptations - Silvering in Cutlassfish 25:43 - Deep Sea Adaptations - Silvering in Hatchetfish 27:00 - Deep Sea Adaptations - Strawberry Squid 27:40 - Vertical Migration - Introduction 29:14 - Vertical Migration - the Largest Migration 30:50 - Vertical Migration - Deep Sea Lanternfish and Humboldt Squid 32:30 - Vertical Migration - the Deep Sea Food Web 33:55 - The Midnight Zone (Bathypelagic) 35:13 - Sponsored Segment - Masterworks X NWF CHECK OUT MY DEEP SEA WEBSITE: https://naturalworldfacts.com/deep-sea-hub/ Disclaimer from sponsor: This video and information about Masterworks are not targeted to residents of any particular country or jurisdiction. Investing involves risk and the value of investments can go up as well as down. Before investing you should review the offering circular for the particular offering you are considering, including the section entitled "Risk Factors". Masterworks and its agents are not registered to of er investment services in any non-U.S. jurisdiction and the offerings have not been registered, reviewed, or approved by any regulatory authority in any non-U.S. jurisdiction. Accordingly, non-U.S. residents must take reasonable steps to confirm that their participation in a Masterworks offering does not violate the laws of the jurisdiction in which they reside. Music Used: All tracks sourced from Artlist, aside from the closing track which was created by Tatiana A. Gordeva. #deepsea #wildlife #nature #documentary #ocean #marinebiology #science #biology

Deep Sea Gigantism | Why Creatures of the Deep Grow so Large. Enter at https://www.omaze.com/naturalworldfacts for your chance to win a Custom Tesla® Model S-APEX and support a great cause, the Petersen Automotive Museum. The experience closes on January 27th at 11:59pm PST and I promise, you don’t want to miss this! Deep sea (abyssal) gigantism demonstrates the role of natural selection in driving evolution and survival, particularly in an environment characterised by challenging conditions and limited resources. Evolution tends towards the most effective adaptations to grant animals the best chances of survival. And whether large or small, evolution selects for the best-adapted body size to survive these conditions. Though widely debated and often controversial, the research that has been done into the science behind deep sea gigantism has significant implications in the human world; it is believed that climate change may have a greater impact on ocean dwellers than any other population of animals. As the colder oceans warm up, the balance of temperature, oxygen supply, and what organisms are present, will throw the equilibrium off course. And the giants, which rely so heavily on this fine balance, may be the first to go. Support me on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/naturalworldfacts 00:00 - Introduction to Deep Sea Gigantism 02:27 - Kleiber's Rule - The Pressure Misconception 04:06 - Kleiber's Rule - How Buoyancy Enables Gigantism 05:00 - Kleiber's Rule - The Efficiency of Larger Animals 05:52 - Kleiber's Rule - Food Availability in the Deep Sea 07:00 - Gigantism Examples - Gigantism in Amphipods 08:45 - Gigantism Examples - The Colossal Squid 09:18 - Gigantism Examples - The Humboldt Squid 09:38 - Gigantism Examples - The Magnapinna (Bigfin Squid) 10:52 - Gigantism Examples - The Sleeper Sharks 13:41 - Kleiber's Rule - Metabolism of Deep Sea Giants 14:59 - Kleiber's Rule - Gigantism in Sponges 16:02 - Polar Gigantism - Bergmann's Rule 17:43 - Polar Gigantism - Giant Polar Invertebrates 20:00 - Polar Gigantism - The Oxygen-Temperature Hypothesis 21:34 - Polar Gigantism - A Fragile Ecosystem 23:05 - The Island Rule - A Scale Model of Evolution 24:20 - The Island Rule - Adaptive Radiation (Darwin's Finches) 25:19 - Insular Gigantism and Dwarfism 26:29 - Deep Sea Gigantism and Dwarfism 28:16 - The Island Rule - Islands and the Deep Sea 29:40 - Conclusion CHECK OUT MY DEEP SEA WEBSITE: [https://naturalworldfacts.com/deep-sea-hub/](https://naturalworldfacts.com/deep-sea-hub/) Written, Narrated and Edited by Leo Richards I do not own any of the footage. I write the script, narrate, and edit what footage I can find, which is allowed due to YouTube's 'Fair Use' policy as these films are transformative and for educational purposes. Footage used belongs to the incredible marine conservation societies of Schmidt Ocean Institute, MBARI, WHOI and the Ocean Exploration Institute, along with various other YouTube sources. Most footage is used with explicit permission of the copyright owner. In cases where I cannot contact the owner or have not received a reply, I use certain clips in accordance with the Fair Use policy. Music Used: Ocean by Aleksey Chistilin Il. Largo by Hawkins Under Canopies by Spearfisher Ripples by Tamuz Dekel Parallel Dimension by Onyx Music Marakana by Alon Peretz Come Back Home by Ardie Son Elapsed by Sémø Life by O.B Waiting for a New Day by Aleksey Chistilin Stream by ANBR Sun Up by Laurel Violet Home of the Gumon by Gareth Coker Slow Tides by Eleven Tales Beneath the Mountain by Rising Tide Autumn Nights by O.B #deepsea #wildlife #nature #documentary #ocean #marinebiology #science #biology Bibliography: The Island Rule and the evolution of body size in the deep sea - JSTOR (no date). Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3838549.pdf Vermeij, G.J. (2016) Gigantism and its implications for the history of life, PloS one. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4714876/ (Accessed: November 14, 2022). Why do some creatures in the deep sea grow to enormous sizes? (2022) Science ABC. Available at: https://www.scienceabc.com/nature/animals/creatures-deep-sea-grow-enormous-sizes.html

Explore the wonders of the deep ocean as you've never seen them before! In this collaborative film series, I am working with Schmidt Ocean Institute and their extensive library of 4K footage from an array the deep sea's remarkable ecosystems to bring their discoveries to light through a series of immersive films. Below are the episodes in order (subject to change). 1 - The Twilight Zone 2 - The Midnight Zone 3 - The Abyssal Plain 4 - Seamounts and Canyons 5 - Hydrothermal Vents I will also release two compiled films combining the midwater episodes and the sea floor episodes: 1 - Into the Abyss: The Midwater World (Full Movie) 2 - Into the Abyss: The Deep Sea Floor (Full Movie) Schmidt Ocean Institute is a non-profit oceanographic research foundation that has been pioneering deep-sea research and discovery since 2009, on board their old vessel RV Falkor and their brand new RV Falkor (too), the most advanced marine research vessels in the world. Their remotely operated vehicle (ROV) SuBastian is equipped with a suite of sensors and a 4K camera that has illuminated the depths and live-streamed dives around the world. All footage shown is filmed and provided by Schmidt Ocean Institute. Huge thank you to them for allowing me to access their footage, and work alongside them to create this series! Check out their website: https://schmidtocean.org/ Written, narrated and edited by me, Leo Richards. This channel (Natural World Facts) is a solo passion project dedicated to exploring the wonders of the natural world and telling stories that inspire! I'm so excited to share this series with you at last.

Deep Sea Chemosynthetic Oases Full Movie. Exploring hydrothermal vents, cold-seep habitats, and food-falls including whale-falls and the communities at shipwrecks. This is the full version of my 3-part Deep Sea Chemosynthesis miniseries. Support me on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/naturalworldfacts Individual Episode Links: Part 1 | Hydrothermal vents: https://youtu.be/ECBbAjoEHWI Part 2 | Deep-Sea Cold Seeps: https://youtu.be/y2a9LJ3ZqAM Part 3 | Deep-Sea Food Falls: https://youtu.be/rLGOtKHy06o 00:00:00 - Introduction to Chemosynthetic Oases 00:02:00 - Chapter 1.1 - Hydrothermal Vents | Primary Production 00:07:57 - Chapter 1.2 - Hydrothermal Vents | Vent Communities 00:17:38 - Chapter 2.1 - Cold Seeps | Geological Origins 00:25:44 - Chapter 2.2 - Cold Seeps | Seep Varieties 00:38:50 - Chapter 3.1 - Food Falls | Whale-Falls and Carrion 00:45:18 - Chapter 3.2 - Food Falls | Wood-Falls and Shipwrecks 00:58:09 - Outro CHECK OUT MY DEEP SEA WEBSITE: https://naturalworldfacts.com/deep-sea-hub/ Written, Narrated and Edited by Leo Richards Music Used: I can't fit it all here, but lists of all tracks used, in order of appearance, can be found in the video descriptions of the individual episodes. See the links above to view. I do not own any of the footage. I write the script, narrate, and edit what footage I can find, which is allowed due to YouTube's 'Fair Use' policy as these films are transformative and for educational purposes. Majority of footage is obtained through footage requests to the respective organisations. Footage used belongs to the incredible marine conservation societies of Ocean Networks Canada, CSSF-ROPOS, Schmidt Ocean Institute, MBARI, WHOI and the Ocean Exploration Institute, along with various other YouTube sources. Most footage is used with explicit permission of the copyright owner. In cases where I cannot contact the owner or have not received a reply, I use certain clips in accordance with the Fair Use policy. #deepsea #wildlife #nature #documentary #ocean #marinebiology #science #biology Bibliography: Cordes, E.E., Bergquist, D.C. and Fisher, C.R., 2009. Macro-ecology of Gulf of Mexico cold seeps. Annual Review of Marine Science, 1, pp.143-168. FiShER, C., Roberts, H., Cordes, E. and Bernard, B., 2007. Cold seeps and associated communities of the Gulf of Mexico. Oceanography, 20(4), pp.118-129. Jones, B., 2022. The bizarre deep-sea creatures living on the Endurance shipwreck. [online] Vox. Available at: https://www.vox.com/down-to-earth/2022/3/9/22969054/endurance-shipwreck-deep-sea-animals Martin, W., Baross, J., Kelley, D. and Russell, M., 2008. Hydrothermal vents and the origin of life. Nature Reviews Microbiology, [online] 6(11), pp.805-814. Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/nrmicro1991 McClain, C. and Barry, J., 2014. Beta-diversity on deep-sea wood falls reflects gradients in energy availability. Biology Letters, 10(4), p.20140129. McClain, C., 2022. A Lonely Tree Far From Home Brings New Life to the Ocean Deep: A Narrative in Five Acts | Deep Sea News. [online] Deep Sea News | All the news on the Earth's largest environment. Available at: https://www.deepseanews.com/2012/04/a-lonely-tree-far-from-home-brings-new-life-to-the-ocean-deep-a-narrative-in-five-acts/ McClain, C., 2022. Will My Wood Research Be Poplar? | Deep Sea News. [online] Deep Sea News | All the news on the Earth's largest environment. Available at: https://www.deepseanews.com/2014/01/will-my-wood-research-be-poplar/ McClain, C., 2022. Wood, It’s What’s For Dinner | Deep Sea News. [online] Deep Sea News | All the news on the Earth's largest environment. Available at: https://www.deepseanews.com/2009/11/wood-its-whats-for-dinner/ Mullineaux, L., Metaxas, A., Beaulieu, S., Bright, M., Gollner, S., Grupe, B., Herrera, S., Kellner, J., Levin, L., Mitarai, S., Neubert, M., Thurnherr, A., Tunnicliffe, V., Watanabe, H. and Won, Y., 2018. Exploring the Ecology of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents in a Metacommunity Framework. Frontiers in Marine Science, [online] 5. Available at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2018.00049/full Parsons, J., 2022. Amazing marine life now covers the 107-year-old Endurance shipwreck. [online] Metro. Available at: https://metro.co.uk/2022/03/09/amazing-marine-life-now-covers-the-107-year-old-endurance-shipwreck-16244253/ Sasaki, T., Warén, A., Kano, Y., Okutani, T. and Fujikura, K., 2010. Gastropods from recent hot vents and cold seeps: systematics, diversity and life strategies. The vent and seep biota, pp.169-254. Suess, E., 2020. Marine cold seeps: background and recent advances. Hydrocarbons, Oils and Lipids: Diversity, Origin, Chemistry and Fate, pp.747-767. Zierenberg, R., Adams, M. and Arp, A., 2000. Life in extreme environments: Hydrothermal vents. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, [online] 97(24), pp.12961-12962. Available at: https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.210395997

Chemosynthetic Oases | Deep Sea Food-Falls and Wood-Falls. The first 100 people to download Endel by clicking the link below will get a free week of audio experiences! https://app.adjust.com/b8wxub6?campaign=naturalworldfacts_june&adgroup=youtube The degradation of food-falls at the bottom of the ocean can create partially chemosynthetic environments. In the case of sunken whale carcasses (whale falls), the supply of organic material supports an ecological succession of communities. But perhaps less well-documented than the scavengers at whale-falls are the creatures that rely on wood instead. When trees become uprooted by storms or ships capsize at sea, losing their buoyancy as the pressure of the ocean forces out any air trapped within, bits of wood sink to the ocean floor where they create fleeting oases of life (wood falls), including shipwrecks, like that of the Titanic. The scarcity of food in parts of the deep ocean creates an environment where very little goes to waste. The animal and microbial life that dwells down here has become resourceful, able to make the most of even unexpected resources. So it comes as no surprise that the deep ocean hosts complex biological communities adapted to thrive on this sunken wood. Support me on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/naturalworldfacts Part 1 - Hydrothermal Vents: https://youtu.be/ECBbAjoEHWI Part 2 - Cold-seep Environments: https://youtu.be/y2a9LJ3ZqAM 00:00 - Introduction to Deep-Sea Food Falls 01:45 - Whale-Falls - Partial Chemosynthetic Oases 02:18 - Whale-Falls - The Mobile Scavenger Stage 02:35 - Whale-Falls - The Enrichment Opportunist Stage 02:53 - Whale-Falls - The Sulfophilic Stage 04:05 - Whale-Falls - Ecological Stepping Stones 05:27 - Other Food-Fall Events 06:06 - Elasmobranch Food-Fall Events 07:20 - Wood-Falls - Origins and Formation 08:54 - Wood-Fall Specialists - Xylophaga Bivalves 10:07 - Wood-Fall Specialists - Giant Shipworm 10:24 - Wood-Fall Specialists - Munidopsis Yeti Crabs 11:01 - Wood-Falls - Terrestrial Deadwood Communities 11:45 - Wood-Falls - Endosymbiotic and Chemosynthetic Bacteria 13:03 - Wood-Falls - Bathymodiolus Mussels 14:00 - Wood-Falls - Ecological Stepping Stones 15:02 - Shipwrecks - Wreck of Whaling Brig Industry 16:06 - Shipwrecks - Wreck of Endurance 17:31 - Shipwrecks - Colonisers of Endurance 18:53 - Shipwrecks - Wreck of SS Bluefields and U-576 19:36 - Shipwrecks - Wreck of RMS Titanic 20:12. -Conclusion CHECK OUT MY DEEP SEA WEBSITE: [https://naturalworldfacts.com/deep-sea-hub/](https://naturalworldfacts.com/deep-sea-hub/) Written, Narrated and Edited by Leo Richards I do not own any of the footage. I write the script, narrate, and edit what footage I can find, which is allowed due to YouTube's 'Fair Use' policy as these films are transformative and for educational purposes. Footage used belongs to the incredible marine conservation societies of Schmidt Ocean Institute, MBARI, WHOI and the Ocean Exploration Institute, along with various other YouTube sources. Most footage is used with explicit permission of the copyright owner. In cases where I cannot contact the owner or have not received a reply, I use certain clips in accordance with the Fair Use policy. Music Used: Snake Island by Piotr Hummel The Peruvian Protest by Max H Serenity by Max H Sleeper Valley (Alternative Version) by Ardie Son Aries by Laurel Violet Redefined (Reworked) by Christopher Galovan Silent Transmission by Tamuz Dekel Shallow Water by Yehezkel Raz When The Sunrise by Yehezkel Raz #deepsea #wildlife #nature #documentary #ocean #marinebiology #science #biology Bibliography: Jones, B., 2022. The bizarre deep-sea creatures living on the Endurance shipwreck. [online] Vox. Available at: https://www.vox.com/down-to-earth/2022/3/9/22969054/endurance-shipwreck-deep-sea-animals McClain, C. and Barry, J., 2014. Beta-diversity on deep-sea wood falls reflects gradients in energy availability. Biology Letters, 10(4), p.20140129. McClain, C., 2022. A Lonely Tree Far From Home Brings New Life to the Ocean Deep: A Narrative in Five Acts | Deep Sea News. [online] Deep Sea News | All the news on the Earth's largest environment. Available at: https://www.deepseanews.com/2012/04/a-lonely-tree-far-from-home-brings-new-life-to-the-ocean-deep-a-narrative-in-five-acts/ McClain, C., 2022. Will My Wood Research Be Poplar? | Deep Sea News. [online] Deep Sea News | All the news on the Earth's largest environment. Available at: https://www.deepseanews.com/2014/01/will-my-wood-research-be-poplar/ McClain, C., 2022. Wood, It’s What’s For Dinner | Deep Sea News. [online] Deep Sea News | All the news on the Earth's largest environment. Available at: https://www.deepseanews.com/2009/11/wood-its-whats-for-dinner/ Parsons, J., 2022. Amazing marine life now covers the 107-year-old Endurance shipwreck. [online] Metro. Available at: https://metro.co.uk/2022/03/09/amazing-marine-life-now-covers-the-107-year-old-endurance-shipwreck-16244253/

Exploring life in the deep-ocean midwater is a long-standing challenge for deep-sea research. The region between the surface and sea-floor, a space that constitutes the largest most biodiverse habitat on Earth, remains poorly understood due to the limitations of sampling its gelatinous, fragile inhabitants. Robots in the Deep documents recent innovations that allow midwater animals to be sampled in-situ, non-intrusively, with greater efficiency than ever. ROVs and new sampling systems are opening a window onto midwaters which, during these times of uncertainty surrounding deep-sea exploitation and its impacts, is crucial to how we approach stewardship in our planet's last frontier. Created in collaboration with Schmidt Ocean Institute. Written, narrated and edited by Leo Richards. Produced by Logan Mock-Bunting. Featuring interviews with: Brennan Philips (University of Rhode Island) Kakani Katija (MBARI) Peter Girguis (Harvard University) Schmidt Ocean Institute: https://www.youtube.com/c/SchmidtOcean/featured This film is being entered into the Jackson Wild film festival as a student entry. 00:00 - Introduction 01:25 - Meet ROV SuBastian 02:54 - Exploring the Auka Vent Field 04:55 - Sampling the Deep Midwaters 08:01 - Remote Imaging Systems 09:33 - In-Situ Sampling 10:19 - Digital Holotypes 11:52 - Pushing the Envelope 12:25 - Outro #worldoceanday #deepsea #wildlife #nature #documentary #ocean #marinebiology #science #biology

Chemosynthetic Oases | Deep Sea Cold Seeps. 🌍 Get exclusive NordVPN deal here: https://nordvpn.com/naturalworldfacts It’s risk free with Nord’s 30 day money-back guarantee! ✌️ The geological origins of cold seeps differ from hydrothermal vents. While vents form from volcanic activity at sea-floor spreading regions, cold seeps instead arise at the other end of oceanic plates, where they are subducted at the continental margin. Their formation begins with the burial of organic material under sediments on the sea-floor. These organic compounds degrade over time, producing methane. Over time, geological processes such as the tectonic compression of sediments at subduction zones forces the methane from deep reservoirs up through the overlying sediments. Anaerobic microbes dwelling below the sediment surface oxidise this methane using sulphate, producing hydrogen sulphide and bicarbonate ions as a byproduct. This hydrogen sulphide, along with any residual methane, then serves as a vital energy source for **chemosynthetic** microbes. Thus, it is a consortium of two distinct sets of microbes that makes primary productivity possible at cold seeps and lay the foundations of food webs here. The result is an environment remarkably similar to hydrothermal vents. We have a flux of sulphide and methane at the sea-floor, chemosynthetic microbes using these compounds, and an abundance of life exploiting this primary productivity, fulfilling similar ecological niches and forming biodiversity hotspots in the deep sea. Part 1 - Hydrothermal Vents: https://youtu.be/ECBbAjoEHWI Part 3 - Wood-falls and Food-falls: https://youtu.be/rLGOtKHy06o 00:00 - An Introduction to Cold Seeps 01:57 - Cold Seep Origins - Formation 03:28 - Cold Seep Origins - Seep Biodiversity 04:28 - Life at Cold Seeps - Bathymodiolus Mussels 05:02 - Life at Cold Seeps - Grazing Organisms 05:23 - Life at Cold Seeps - Siboglinid Tube Worms 07:13 - Life at Cold Seeps - Yeti Crabs 07:50 - Life at Cold Seeps - Predatory Organisms 08:20 - Life at Cold Seeps - The Benthic Filter 09:05 - Seep Varieties - Overview 09:47 - Seep Varieties - Mud Volcanoes 10:44 - Seep Varieties - Methane Hydrate Beds 12:57 - Seep Varieties - Asphalt Seeps 14:08 - Seep Varieties - Tar Lilies 15:47 - Seep Varieties - Brine Pools 17:29 - Ecological Succession - Carbonate Reefs 19:10 - Succession Stage I - Microbial Mats and Mussel Beds 19:50 - Succession Stage II - Tube Worm Bushes 20:02 - Succession Stage III - Carbonate Blockage 20:37 - Successional Stage IV - Coral Gardens 21:15 - Conclusion CHECK OUT MY DEEP SEA WEBSITE: https://naturalworldfacts.com/deep-sea-hub/ Written, Narrated and Edited by Leo Richards Seep Animation custom made by Fabio Albertelli and Jakub Misiek I do not own any of the footage. I write the script, narrate, and edit what footage I can find, which is allowed due to YouTube's 'Fair Use' policy as these films are transformative and for educational purposes. Footage used belongs to the incredible marine conservation societies of Schmidt Ocean Institute, MBARI, WHOI and the Ocean Exploration Institute, along with various other YouTube sources. Most footage is used with explicit permission of the copyright owner. In cases where I cannot contact the owner or have not received a reply, I use certain clips in accordance with the Fair Use policy. Music Used: Ascend (reworked) by Christopher Galovan Their Souls by Piotr Hummel Mysa by Laurel Violet Folklore by Ardie Son Stories from the Sky by Sid Acharya Nocturnal by LEMMINO In Love with Emi by Fabien Fustinoni Corals Under the Sun by Yehezkel Raz Landing on the Ground by Yehezkel Raz #deepsea #wildlife #nature #documentary #ocean #marinebiology #science #biology Bibliography: Cordes, E.E., Bergquist, D.C. and Fisher, C.R., 2009. Macro-ecology of Gulf of Mexico cold seeps. Annual Review of Marine Science, 1, pp.143-168. FiShER, C., Roberts, H., Cordes, E. and Bernard, B., 2007. Cold seeps and associated communities of the Gulf of Mexico. Oceanography, 20(4), pp.118-129. Sasaki, T., Warén, A., Kano, Y., Okutani, T. and Fujikura, K., 2010. Gastropods from recent hot vents and cold seeps: systematics, diversity and life strategies. The vent and seep biota, pp.169-254. Suess, E., 2020. Marine cold seeps: background and recent advances. Hydrocarbons, Oils and Lipids: Diversity, Origin, Chemistry and Fate, pp.747-767.

Chemosynthetic Oases | Deep Sea Hydrothermal Vents. Join me and go carbon neutral with Klima today. Click https://klima.onelink.me/GVvD/naturalworldfacts and enter code NATURALWORLD10 to claim 10 additional trees. The process of chemosynthesis is similar to photosynthesis. Both can be defined as the creation of organic matter from the fixation of inorganic carbon using energy. But what differs is the source of that energy. In parts of the deep sea, primary production is fuelled by chemical energy, rather than energy from the sun. But this can only take place at certain sea-floor environments where the required chemicals are released into the water. The two main examples of such environments are hydrothermal vents, and cold seeps. The former were only discovered in 1977 when scientists were exploring an oceanic spreading ridge near the Galapagos Islands. What they discovered was a hidden world that revolutionised our understanding of how and where life on Earth can exist. Since then, hundreds more vent field have been discovered, often at depths of 2km or more, along Earth’s convergent plate boundaries and at sea-floor spreading regions where the oceanic crust is moving apart. Part 2 - Cold Seeps: https://youtu.be/y2a9LJ3ZqAM Part 3 - Wood-falls and Food-falls: https://youtu.be/rLGOtKHy06o 00:00 - An Introduction to Chemosynthetic Oases 02:15 - Primary Production - Hydrothermal Vents 03:54 - Primary Production - Formation of Hydrothermal Vents 05:19 - Primary Production - Types of Hydrothermal Vents 06:00 - Primary Production - Chemosynthesis at Hydrothermal Vents 07:24 - Vent Communities - An Oasis in the Deep Sea 09:09 - Vent Communities - Interspecific Competition 10:12 - Vent Communities - Resource Partitioning 11:07 - Adaptations at Vents - Grazers and Suspension Feeders 11:46 - Adaptations at Vents - Yeti Crabs and Microbial Epibionts 12:17 - Adaptations at Vents - Tubeworm Endosymbiosis 13:06 - Adaptations at Vents - The Pompeii Worm 14:05 - Adaptations at Vents - Predatory Organisms 14:31 - Adaptations at Vents - Deep-sea Skates 14:57 - Adaptations at Vents - Life on the Periphery 15:50 - Adaptations at Vents - Endemism 16:15 - Adaptations at Vents - Origins of Life 17:13 - Conclusion CHECK OUT MY DEEP SEA WEBSITE: https://naturalworldfacts.com/deep-sea-hub/ Written, Narrated and Edited by Leo Richards Vent Animation custom made by Fabio Albertelli and Jakub Misiek I do not own any of the footage. I write the script, narrate, and edit what footage I can find, which is allowed due to YouTube's 'Fair Use' policy as these films are transformative and for educational purposes. Majority of footage is obtained through footage requests to the respective organisations. Footage used belongs to the incredible marine conservation societies of Ocean Networks Canada, CSSF-ROPOS, Schmidt Ocean Institute, MBARI, WHOI and the Ocean Exploration Institute, along with various other YouTube sources. Most footage is used with explicit permission of the copyright owner. In cases where I cannot contact the owner or have not received a reply, I use certain clips in accordance with the Fair Use policy. Music Used: How it Was by Laurel Violet Inborn by Piotr Hummel Back Home by Max H Once Loved by Max H Escaping Forever by Michael Vignola One Word (reworked) by Christopher Galovan Deep Blue Sea (instrumental) by Yehezkel Raz Autumn Nights by O.B #deepsea #wildlife #nature #documentary #ocean #marinebiology #science #biology Bibliography: Martin, W., Baross, J., Kelley, D. and Russell, M., 2008. Hydrothermal vents and the origin of life. Nature Reviews Microbiology, [online] 6(11), pp.805-814. Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/nrmicro1991 Mullineaux, L., Metaxas, A., Beaulieu, S., Bright, M., Gollner, S., Grupe, B., Herrera, S., Kellner, J., Levin, L., Mitarai, S., Neubert, M., Thurnherr, A., Tunnicliffe, V., Watanabe, H. and Won, Y., 2018. Exploring the Ecology of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents in a Metacommunity Framework. Frontiers in Marine Science, [online] 5. Available at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2018.00049/full Zierenberg, R., Adams, M. and Arp, A., 2000. Life in extreme environments: Hydrothermal vents. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, [online] 97(24), pp.12961-12962. Available at: https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.210395997

Deep Sea Brine Pools. 🌍 Get exclusive NordVPN deal here: https://nordvpn.com/naturalworldfacts It’s risk free with Nord’s 30 day money-back guarantee! ✌️ Deep Sea Brine Pools appear to be biological dead-zones in the ocean, and yet an astounding abundance of ocean life can be found lining the shores of these toxic lakes. Mussels, hagfish, crabs and even sharks frequent these isolated hotspots to hunt. A community of uniquely adapted organisms is able to thrive on the brine pool shore; in a similar fashion to the life that inhabits deep sea hydrothermal vent communities, we find organisms capable of chemosynthesis, as well as other organisms preying on them – all interacting and existing on the borders of a toxic pool of brine. As the energy here is largely supplied by chemosynthesis, rather than sunlight, brine pools also mirror hydrothermal vents in demonstrating how the extreme deep sea ecosystem is unique in the ways in which it supports life. There are no photosynthesising primary producers converting sunlight to energy, as the light of the sun cannot reach these depths. Instead, energy is supplied by the Earth itself. 00:00 - An Introduction to Brine Pools 01:39 - Brine Pool Origins - Formation in the Gulf of Mexico 03:01 - Brine Pool Origins - Landforms and Features 04:10 - Life on the Edge - Hot Tubs of Despair 05:31 - Life on the Edge - Biological Hotspots 06:54 - Life on the Edge - A Chemosynthetic Oasis 07:54 - Life on the Edge - Ecological Interactions 09:12 - Life on the Edge - A Delicate Ecosystem 09:38 - Conclusion CHECK OUT MY DEEP SEA WEBSITE: https://naturalworldfacts.com/deep-sea-hub/ Narrated by Leo Richards Co-written by Leo Richards and Blake Frutiger Blake's socials: https://www.instagram.com/bfrutiger99/ I do not own any of the footage. I write the script, narrate, and edit what footage I can find, which is allowed due to YouTube's 'Fair Use' policy as these films are for educational purposes. Footage used belongs to the incredible marine conservation societies of Schmidt Ocean Institute, MBARI, WHOI and the Ocean Exploration Institute, along with various other YouTube sources. Music Used: Wonder by VYEN Ambient Sci-Fi Music by Eon Inhale by VYEN Signal To Noise by Scott Buckley Storyteller by O.B. #deepsea #wildlife #nature #documentary #ocean #marinebiology #science #biology Bibliography: http://www.oceanx.org/brine-pools-exploring-an-alien-world-for-blue-planet-ii/ https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/02mexico/background/brinepool/brinepool.html https://www.science.gov/topicpages/d/deep+brine+pool https://www.scienceandthesea.org/program/201104/brine-lakes